stevegamer
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Iron, along with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is vital for the growth of microscopic phytoplankton in the ocean. A new study led by oceanographers at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa reveals that iron released from industrial activities like coal burning and steel production is affecting the ecosystem in the North Pacific Transition Zone, a key region just north of Hawai'i that supports important fisheries in the Pacific.
Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study highlights the broad impact human pollution can have on marine ecosystems thousands of miles from its source. According to Nick Hawco, the study’s lead author and assistant professor in the Department of Oceanography at UH Mānoa, iron from industrial sources enters the atmosphere and can be transported long distances before being deposited into oceans by rain.
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While industrial iron had been detected in the North Pacific Transition Zone before, its effect on the ecosystem was unclear. To clarify this, Hawco and his collaborators conducted four ocean expeditions to collect water and phytoplankton samples and to study ocean mixing patterns in the region. They analyzed the iron’s unique isotope signature to confirm whether it originated from industrial sources.
Their findings showed that phytoplankton in the area experience iron deficiency during spring, so increased iron supply stimulates the typical spring phytoplankton bloom. However, this bloom causes faster depletion of other nutrients, leading to a collapse of phytoplankton populations later in the season. Crucially, the isotope data confirmed that industrial iron is indeed present thousands of miles from its origin.
Hawco explained that the ocean contains natural boundaries, invisible to humans but recognized by marine life. The North Pacific Transition Zone acts as one such boundary, separating low-nutrient ocean gyres from nutrient-rich temperate ecosystems to the north. Increased iron input is causing this boundary to shift northward, a trend also driven by warming ocean temperatures.
While this shift may have some positive effects, the areas of the Transition Zone closest to Hawai'i are losing out. Hawco described it as a “one-two punch”: industrial iron alters the foundation of the marine food web, and warming waters push phytoplankton-rich zones farther away from Hawai'i.
The research team is now working on new methods to track the iron nutrition of ocean plankton more precisely. This work aims to improve understanding of how variations in iron supply—from both natural and human sources—could influence marine ecosystems in the future.
Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study highlights the broad impact human pollution can have on marine ecosystems thousands of miles from its source. According to Nick Hawco, the study’s lead author and assistant professor in the Department of Oceanography at UH Mānoa, iron from industrial sources enters the atmosphere and can be transported long distances before being deposited into oceans by rain.
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While industrial iron had been detected in the North Pacific Transition Zone before, its effect on the ecosystem was unclear. To clarify this, Hawco and his collaborators conducted four ocean expeditions to collect water and phytoplankton samples and to study ocean mixing patterns in the region. They analyzed the iron’s unique isotope signature to confirm whether it originated from industrial sources.
Their findings showed that phytoplankton in the area experience iron deficiency during spring, so increased iron supply stimulates the typical spring phytoplankton bloom. However, this bloom causes faster depletion of other nutrients, leading to a collapse of phytoplankton populations later in the season. Crucially, the isotope data confirmed that industrial iron is indeed present thousands of miles from its origin.
Hawco explained that the ocean contains natural boundaries, invisible to humans but recognized by marine life. The North Pacific Transition Zone acts as one such boundary, separating low-nutrient ocean gyres from nutrient-rich temperate ecosystems to the north. Increased iron input is causing this boundary to shift northward, a trend also driven by warming ocean temperatures.
While this shift may have some positive effects, the areas of the Transition Zone closest to Hawai'i are losing out. Hawco described it as a “one-two punch”: industrial iron alters the foundation of the marine food web, and warming waters push phytoplankton-rich zones farther away from Hawai'i.
The research team is now working on new methods to track the iron nutrition of ocean plankton more precisely. This work aims to improve understanding of how variations in iron supply—from both natural and human sources—could influence marine ecosystems in the future.