Programmable Jumping Structures That Launch on Their Own Schedule

[stevegamer]

Researchers have developed dynamic structures capable of leaping into the air at predetermined times without needing computers or external triggers. The exact timing and height of these jumps are built into the physical design of the materials themselves.


"There are structures that jump immediately when a load is removed—like a released coiled spring," explains Jie Yin, associate professor of mechanical engineering at North Carolina State University and corresponding author of the study. "Our goal was to create a structure that doesn’t rely on outside stimuli and lets us precisely control when the jump occurs, whether seconds or hours later."


The team engineered spherical “metashells” from strands of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) arranged in a complex lattice that maximizes energy storage in the material. When compressed, the structure deforms, and once the load is lifted, it gradually returns to its original shape due to PET’s viscoelastic properties. This slow “creeping” back continues until the structure reaches a critical point, at which it snaps back all at once, propelling itself into the air.

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Haitao Qing, a Ph.D. student at NC State and the paper’s first author, describes the process: “When compressed, the metashell resembles a flower bud. As it snaps back to its spherical shape, the energy release launches it upward. The timing and height of the jump depend on how long the load was applied—the longer the load, the longer the delay and the lower the jump.”


This combination of material properties and structure design is key. Yin notes, “The viscoelastic nature of the material and the energy-storing lattice design both play crucial roles in how this technology performs.”


In experiments, the team programmed jumps to occur anywhere from three seconds up to 58 hours after load removal. The metashells could jump from half their own height up to nine times their height. They also worked on various surfaces, including solid ground, sand, snow, and water, and at temperatures as low as minus 15 degrees Celsius.


The researchers also tested the metashells’ ability to carry and disperse cargo, such as seeds, inspired by natural explosive seed dispersal mechanisms. Qing explains, “A 100-millimeter metashell successfully scattered seeds over a distance of 1.5 meters.”


Looking ahead, the team aims to explore biodegradable materials for these structures and investigate possible practical uses. Yin adds, “We are eager to collaborate with other researchers and industry partners to find applications for this technology.”